Escala de conocimientos sobre úlceras de pie diabético CUPD-35: elaboración y propiedades psicométricas en enfermeras de Colombia / Diabetic Foot Ulcer Knowledge Scale CUPD-35: development and psychometric properties on Colombian nurses

Introducción: Las enfermeras tienen un papel esencial en la prevención y en el manejo de las úlceras de pie diabético, por lo que es importante su formación para que tengan conocimientos actualizados. Disponer de escalas para medir de forma fiable estos conocimientos es de utilidad para los programas formativos. Objetivo: Elaborar y obtener propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir los conocimientos de enfermeras sobre prevención y tratamiento de úlceras de pie diabético. Metodología: Primera fase de elaboración de los ítems de la escala y validación de contenido por panel de expertos. Segunda fase de prueba de campo mediante encuesta a una muestra de 500 enfermeras de hospital y clínicas de heridas en Colombia. Se realizó un análisis mediante modelos de Rasch y validación de constructo mediante test en grupos conocidos. Resultados: La versión inicial de la escala con 48 ítems tuvo adecuada validez de contenido. Tras la prueba de campo y el análisis Rasch se obtuvo la versión final con 35 ítems (CUPD-35) con buenos índices de ajuste y alta fiabilidad (0,97). La puntuación media de conocimientos en esta muestra de enfermeras fue de 28,2 (un 80,2% de la máxima puntuación), lo que indica un buen nivel de conocimientos. Conclusiones: La escala CUPD-35 es un instrumento fiable y válido para medir conocimientos sobre úlceras de pie diabético en enfermerashispanohablantes.(AU)

Introduction: Nurses play an essential role in the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, so it is important that they are trained to achieve up-to-date knowledge. Appropriate and reliable tools to measure knowledge are useful for planning training programmes. Objective: To develop and obtain the psychometric properties of a new scale to measure nurses’ knowledge of diabetic foot ulcers prevention and treatment. Methodology: A first phase of item development and content validation by an expert panel. A second phase with a survey of a sample of 500 nurses in Colombia working in hospitals or wound clinics. Analysis using Rasch models and assessment of construct validity by a test of known groups. Results: The initial 48-item version of the scale showed adequate content validity. The survey and Rasch analysis resulted in the final version with 35 items (CUPD-35) with good fit indices and high reliability (0.97). The mean knowledge score of this sample of nurses was 28.2 (80.2% of the maximum score), which means a good level of knowledge. Conclusions: The CUPD-35 scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring knowledge of diabetic foot ulcers in Spanish-speaking nurses.(AU)

A Digital Tool for Measuring Healing of Chronic Wounds Treated with an Antioxidant Dressing: A Case Series.

(1) Abstract: Wound monitoring is an essential aspect in the evaluation of wound healing. This can be carried out with the multidimensional tool HELCOS, which develops a quantitative analysis and graphic representation of wound healing evolution via imaging. It compares the area and tissues present in the wound bed. This instrument is used for chronic wounds in which the healing process is altered. This article describes the potential use of this tool to improve the monitoring and follow-up of wounds and presents a case series of various chronic wounds with diverse etiology treated with an antioxidant dressing. (2) Methods: A secondary analysis of data from a case series of wounds treated with an antioxidant dressing and monitored with the HELCOS tool. (3) Results: The HELCOS tool is useful for measuring changes in the wound area and identifying wound bed tissues. In the six cases described in this article, the tool was able to monitor the healing of the wounds treated with the antioxidant dressing. (4) Conclusions: the monitoring of wound healing with this multidimensional HELCOS tool offers new possibilities to facilitate treatment decisions by healthcare professionals.

Drone Applications for Emergency and Urgent Care: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the use of drones in health emergencies has increased. Among their main benefits are avoiding endangering rescuers, travelling long distances in a short time, or contacting victims in risky situations; but despite their multiple advantages, their use has not been fully demonstrated. STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the available evidence on the use of drones in emergency health care compared to traditional health care. METHODS: Systematic review of the literature was conducted. Search protocols were developed to locate studies that met the established selection criteria. Six experimental or quasi-experimental studies with high methodological quality published from the beginning of indexing until 2020 were included. RESULTS: Drones covered a significantly larger area than other traditional tracking methods and were very useful for performing preliminary triage, determining needs, and knowing the scene prior to the arrival of rescuers. In addition, drones reduced the time required to locate the victim. CONCLUSIONS: Drones are an element to be taken into account when attending health emergencies as they significantly improve the distance travelled to locate accident victims, have the possibility of performing triage prior to the arrival of the health care units, and improve the time and quality of the care provided.

The Role of Antioxidants on Wound Healing: A Review of the Current Evidence.

(1) Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the preparation of the normal wound healing response. Therefore, a correct balance between low or high levels of ROS is essential. Antioxidant dressings that regulate this balance are a target for new therapies. The purpose of this review is to identify the compounds with antioxidant properties that have been tested for wound healing and to summarize the available evidence on their effects. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted and included any study that evaluated the effects or mechanisms of antioxidants in the healing process (in vitro, animal models or human studies). (3) Results: Seven compounds with antioxidant activity were identified (Curcumin, N-acetyl cysteine, Chitosan, Gallic Acid, Edaravone, Crocin, Safranal and Quercetin) and 46 studies reporting the effects on the healing process of these antioxidants compounds were included. (4) Conclusions: this review offers a map of the research on some of the antioxidant compounds with potential for use as wound therapies and basic research on redox balance and oxidative stress in the healing process. Curcumin, NAC, quercetin and chitosan are the antioxidant compounds that shown some initial evidence of efficacy, but more research in human is needed.

Development of the Aerial Remote Triage System using drones in mass casualty scenarios: A survey of international experts.

The use of drones for triage in mass-casualty incidents has recently emerged as a promising technology. However, there is no triage system specifically adapted to a remote usage. Our study aimed to develop a remote triage procedure using drones. The research was performed in three stages: literature review, the development of a remote triage algorithm using drones and evaluation of the algorithm by experts. Qualitative synthesis and the calculation of content validity ratios were done to achieve the Aerial Remote Triage System. This algorithm assesses (in this order): major bleeding, walking, consciousness and signs of life; and then classify the injured people into several priority categories: priority 1 (red), priority 2 (yellow), priority 3 (green) and priority * (violet). It includes the possibility to indicate save-living interventions to injured people and bystanders, like the compression of bleeding injuries or the adoption of the recovery position. The Aerial Remote Triage System may be a useful way to perform triage by drone in complex emergencies when it is difficult to access to the scene due to physical, chemical or biological risks.

Kennedy terminal ulcer and other skin wounds at the end of life: An integrative review.

AIMS: To undertake an integrative literature review to identify, analyse and synthesize current literature on the Kennedy terminal ulcer (KTU) and other unavoidable skin injuries that appear at the end of life regardless of the healthcare context in which they occur. METHODS: Integrative review following the Whittemore and Knafl methodology. The search was carried out in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Scopus. It was limited to articles in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. As there is little scientific production on the subject, no restrictions were applied regarding publication date. RESULTS: Only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. These articles were reviewed and analysed. Four relevant issues emerged: Skin failure, SCALE, Kennedy Terminal Ulcer, Trombley-Brennan: different names for the same problem; the defining characteristics and physiopathology of KTU; the differences between KTU and other injuries; and the care approach for KTU and other unavoidable injuries at the end of life. CONCLUSIONS: We identified gaps regarding the physiopathology of KTU since the current knowledge is based only on hypotheses. There is also a large gap in the knowledge about care approaches, perhaps because care plans are not recorded. Despite this, it is clear that the main objective in this situation at the end of life would be to prioritize patient comfort and quality of life.

Validación del cuestionario de Conocimientos sobre prevención de lesiones por presión en estudiantes de Enfermería: análisis Rasch / Validation of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire in nursing students: Rasch analysis

OBJETIVO: Medir el conocimiento de los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Jaén hacia las pautas basadas en la evidencia para la prevención de las lesiones por presión. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional transversal de validación de un cuestionario utilizando un formulario online con estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Jaén. Se invitó a participar a todos los matriculados en los 4 cursos. Se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario «Conocimientos sobre prevención de lesiones por presión» (PIPK) mediante un análisis de Rasch. Se calcularon porcentajes de respuestas correctas y errores para cada ítem, puntuación total y su asociación con variables formativas. RESULTADOS: El cuestionario PIPK mostró adecuadas características psicométricas (alfa=0,89) y buen ajuste del modelo de Rasch. La puntuación media de conocimientos fue de 21,0 (67,7% del máximo). Obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones aquellos estudiantes que habían realizado prácticas clínicas, más periodos de prácticas, habían asistido a jornadas específicas sobre lesiones por presión o estaban matriculados en cursos superiores. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario PIPK es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir los conocimientos de los estudiantes de enfermería hacia la prevención de lesiones por presión. Los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Jaén obtuvieron una puntuación de conocimientos hacia la prevención de las lesiones por presión superior al 50%

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to measure the knowledge of nursing students at the University of Jaén about evidence-based recommendation for the prevention of pressure injuries. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational and validation study was carried in 2019, using an online survey. All the students registered on the Nursing Degree programme of the University of Jaén were invited to participate. The psychometric properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire (PIPK) were tested by a Rasch analysis. With the analysis, the percentage of correct and wrong answers was calculated, the global score and the association with some educational variables. RESULTS: The PIPK questionnaire showed adequate psychometric characteristics (alpha=.89) and good fit to the Rasch model. The average knowledge score on pressure injury prevention obtained was 21.0 (this is 67.7% of the maximum). Higher scores were obtained by the students that had finished some clinical placements; those with more placements; had attended a meeting about pressure injuries and those in a higher year of the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The PIPK questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the knowledge of nursing students about pressure injuries prevention. The nursing students of the University of Jaén obtained a score in the questionnaire higher than 50%

Validation of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire in nursing students: Rasch analysis. / Validación del cuestionario de Conocimientos sobre prevención de lesiones por presión en estudiantes de Enfermería: análisis Rasch.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to measure the knowledge of nursing students at the University of Jaén about evidence-based recommendation for the prevention of pressure injuries. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational and validation study was carried in 2019, using an online survey. All the students registered on the Nursing Degree programme of the University of Jaén were invited to participate. The psychometric properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire (PIPK) were tested by a Rasch analysis. With the analysis, the percentage of correct and wrong answers was calculated, the global score and the association with some educational variables. RESULTS: The PIPK questionnaire showed adequate psychometric characteristics (alpha=.89) and good fit to the Rasch model. The average knowledge score on pressure injury prevention obtained was 21.0 (this is 67.7% of the maximum). Higher scores were obtained by the students that had finished some clinical placements; those with more placements; had attended a meeting about pressure injuries and those in a higher year of the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The PIPK questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the knowledge of nursing students about pressure injuries prevention. The nursing students of the University of Jaén obtained a score in the questionnaire higher than 50%.

Antioxidant dressing therapy versus standard wound care in chronic wounds (the REOX study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: A wound that does not heal in the orderly stages of the healing process or does not heal within 3 months is considered a chronic wound. Wound healing is impaired when the wound remains in the inflammatory stage for too long. A range of factors can delay the healing process: imbalance between proteases and protease inhibitors in the wound bed; bacterial colonization and the presence of biofilm; and oxidative stress. Recently, wound management has improved significantly. A new antioxidant dressing has been developed, which combines an absorbent matrix obtained from locust bean gum galactomannan and a hydration solution with curcumin and N-acetylcysteine. This dressing combines the advantages of moist healing in exudate management and free radical neutralization, achieving wound reactivation. The primary aim of this study is to compare the effect of the antioxidant dressing on chronic wound healing against the use of a standard wound dressing in patients with hard-to-heal wounds. METHODS: We will conduct a multicentre, single-blind, randomized controlled trial with parallel groups. Participants will be selected from three primary public health care centres located in Andalucía (southern Spain). Patients will be randomized into an intervention group (antioxidant dressing) or a control group (standard wound dressing). Assessments will be carried out at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. Follow-up will be for a period of 8 weeks or until complete healing if this occurs earlier. DISCUSSION: The findings from this study should provide scientific evidence on the efficacy of the antioxidant dressing as an alternative for the treatment of chronic wounds. This study fills some of the gaps in the existing knowledge about patients with hard-to-heal wounds. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03934671. Registered on 2 May 2019.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Nursing Outcome "Pain: Adverse Psychological Response" in Patients With Chronic Pain.

PURPOSE: To culturally adapt into Spanish and validate the outcome "Pain: Adverse psychological response" (code 1306) in patients with chronic pain. METHODS: A three-stage study was conducted: (a) translation and cultural adaptation, (b) content validation, and (c) clinical validation. FINDINGS: The Spanish version of the outcome "Pain: Adverse psychological response" has high content validity ( 0.91). Fourteen indicators were organized into two factors. This version offers good reliability in both inter-observer agreement (kappa = 0.72) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish adaptation of "Pain: Adverse psychological response" is a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of emotional aspects of chronic pain. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The Spanish adaptation of this outcome offers nurses a set of structured indicators to measure the adverse emotional impact of chronic pain.

Clinical Validation of the Nursing Outcome "Pain: Disruptive Effects" in People With Chronic Pain in Spain.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The measurement of the effects of chronic pain on the patients is a challenge for nurses. The purpose was to translate into Spanish and to assess the psychometrics of the indicators of the nursing outcome "Pain: disruptive effects." METHODS: A three-stage study: (a) translation and cultural adaptation, (b) content validation, (c) clinical validation in 10 healthcare centers. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the outcome "Pain: disruptive effects" has high content validity (CVI = .90) with 17 indicators organized into three factors. The Inter-observer agreement was good (kappa = .66) and the internal consistency high (alpha = .90). CONCLUSIONS: The 17 indicators of the outcome "Pain: disruptive effects" has evidence of reliability and validity for assessing the harmful effects of chronic pain.

Instrumentos de medición de las actitudes y las barreras para la prevención de lesiones por presión: revisión de la bibliografía / Instruments for measuring attitudes and barriers to pressure injury prevention: literature review

Objetivos: a) identificar los instrumentos para medir las actitudes de profesionales de enfermería hacia la prevención de las lesiones por presión (LPP); b) identificar los instrumentos para medir las barreras para la prevención de LPP dirigidos a profesionales de enfermería; c) analizar las propiedades psicométricas de estos instrumentos. Metodología: Revisión de la bibliografía sobre estudios de desarrollo, validación y uso de instrumentos sobre actitudes y barreras para la prevención de las LPP, en profesionales de enfermería. Se ha realizado la búsqueda sobre 12 bases de datos bibliográficas, hasta diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron estudios cuantitativos que utilizasen instrumentos, cuestionarios o test, que determinasen las actitudes y las barreras de los profesionales o estudiantes de enfermería. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis descriptiva. Resultados: Se han encontrado 33 artículos sobre instrumentos de actitudes hacia la prevención, que describen un total de 5 cuestionarios. Solo dos han sido usados en varios estudios: Escala de actitudes hacia la prevención de las UPP de Moore y Price (rango de fiabilidad 0,63-0,88) y Attitude toward Pressure ulcer Prevention (rango de fiabilidad: 0,66-0,91). Respecto a barreras para la prevención de las LPP se han encontrado 18 estudios que describen instrumentos de medición, de los cuales solo 5 presentan datos de propiedades psicométricas. La falta de tiempo es la barrera citada más frecuentemente. Conclusión: Existen dos cuestionarios validados para medir las actitudes de enfermeras hacia la prevención de las LPP, aunque no tienen versión en español. Hay una diversidad de cuestionarios para establecer las barreras para la prevención, pero ninguno cuenta con una sólida evaluación psicométrica

Aim: a) To identify the instruments to measure the attitudes of nurses towards the pressure injuries (PI) prevention; b) To identify the instruments to measure the barriers or obstacles to PI prevention aimed at nurses; c) To analyze the psychometric properties of these instruments. Methodology: Review of the literature on the development, validation and use of instruments on attitudes and barriers to PI prevention, aimed at nursing professionals. The search was carried out on 12 bibliographic databases until December 2018. Quantitative studies using instruments, questionnaires or tests were included to determine the attitudes and barriers of nursing professionals or students. A descriptive synthesis was carried out. Results: We found 33 articles on instruments of attitudes towards prevention, which describe a total of 5 questionnaires. Only two have been used in various studies: Moore and Price Staff Attitude Scale (reliability range: 0.63 - 0.88) and Attitude toward Pressure ulcer Prevention (reliability range: 0.66 - 0.91). With regard to barriers to the prevention of LPP, 18 studies have been found that describe measurement instruments; only 5 of those shown data on psychometric properties. Lack of time is the most frequently cited barrier. Conclusions: There are two validated questionnaires to measure nurses' attitudes towards PI prevention, although none of those have a Spanish version. There are a variety of questionnaires to establish barriers to prevention, but none have a solid psychometric assessment

Psychometric Evaluation of the Nursing Outcome Knowledge: Pain Management in People with Chronic Pain.

Pain has a major impact on health and quality of life. Since the level of knowledge of painful conditions can influence how these are addressed and managed, assessing this knowledge in patients becomes crucial. As a result, it is necessary to have culturally adapted and validated instruments that specifically measure patients' knowledge of chronic pain management. The objective of this study was to carry out the Spanish cultural adaptation and the validation of the outcome Knowledge: PainManagement of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) in patients with chronic pain, defined as extent of understanding conveyed about causes, symptoms, and treatment of pain. A three-stage study was designed: 1) translation and cultural adaptation through an expert panel, 2) content validation, 3) clinical validation. This study provides nurses with a Spanish version of this scale adapted to their context, as well as a set of structured indicators to measure patients' knowledge about chronic pain. The results indicated that the culturally adapted Spanish version of the outcome Knowledge: PainManagement had a high level of content validity (CVI = 0.92), with 27 indicators being distributed between two factors. This version has been shown to be reliable in terms of inter-observer agreement (κ = 0.79) and internal consistency (α = 0.95). In conclusion, Knowledge: PainManagement has been shown to be reliable and valid to measure knowledge of chronic pain.

Instrumentos de medición de los conocimientos sobre prevención de úlceras por presión: revisión de la literatura / Tools for measuring the knowledge on pressure ulcer prevention: a literature review

En la prevención de las úlceras por presión (UPP) intervienen diferentes factores: estructurales, organizativos y relacionados con los profesionales; entre ellos, el grado de conocimientos que los profesionales sanitarios tengan es un aspecto fundamental. Objetivo: Identificar los instrumentos de medición de conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería sobre las UPP. Como objetivos específicos: a) resumir las propiedades psicométricas (validez y fiabilidad) de cada instrumento y b) sintetizar el nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención según los estudios seleccionados. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre los conocimientos en prevención de UPP. Búsqueda de estudios en 10 bases de datos bibliográficas desde el inicio de indexación hasta julio de 2018. Se incluyeron estudios cuantitativos que utilizasen instrumentos, test o cuestionarios, que cuantificasen los conocimientos en profesionales o estudiantes de enfermería. Se realizó una síntesis descriptiva. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 90 artículos, a partir de los cuales se identificaron 7 instrumentos (o alguna variación del cuestionario original) que han sido utilizados en al menos dos estudios publicados y 31 investigaciones, los cuales han desarrollado instrumentos ad hoc. Los dos más utilizados son el cuestionario Pieper Pressure Ulcer Knowledge (PPKUT) y el cuestionario Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool (PUKAT). No todos los instrumentos publicados presentan datos de fiabilidad y validez psicométrica. Entre los 31 estudios que describen un instrumento desarrollado ad hoc para esa investigación, solo en 5 de ellos se presentan datos de fiabilidad y validez. Aunque se han encontrado estudios que utilizan como fuente para la redacción de los ítems guías de práctica clínica (GPC), son muchos otros los que se basan en revisiones de la literatura, parten de instrumentos previos o no indican la fuente original. Los conocimientos descritos, de forma general en los diferentes estudios, están por debajo del punto de corte establecido por los autores. Conclusión: La medición del nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención de las UPP que tienen los profesionales de salud es importante como primer paso dentro de los programas de prevención de estas lesiones. Se han encontrado un elevado número de cuestionarios sin ninguna prueba de fiabilidad ni de validez, pero que han sido usados en estudios, lo cual contribuyen a generar datos poco relevantes y un grado de confusión. Es fundamental que los investigadores utilicen alguno de los cuestionarios que cuentan con evaluación psicométrica y que determinen dichas propiedades en la muestra utilizada en la investigación

Different factors (structural, organizational and related with professionals) intervene in the prevention of pressure ulcers (PU); the degree of knowledge of health professionals is one of the main aspects. Aim: To identify the instruments for measuring the knowledge of nursing professionals about pus. The specific objectives are: a) to summarize the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of each instrument and b) to synthesize the knowledge on prevention according to the selected studies. Methodology: Narrative review on knowledge about PU prevention. Search in 10 bibliographic databases from the beginning of indexation until July 2018. The studies included were quantitative studies that used instruments, tests or questionnaires, which quantified the knowledge of professionals or nursing students. A descriptive synthesis was carried out. Results: 90 articles were selected, from which 7 instruments were identified (or some variation of the original questionnaire) that have been used in at least 2 published studies and 31 investigations, which have developed ad hoc instruments. The 2 most used tools are the Pieper Pressure Ulcer Knowledge (PPKUT) questionnaire and the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool (PUKAT) questionnaire. Not all published instruments show data on psychometric reliability and validity. Among the 31 studies that describe an ad hoc instrument, only in 5 of them reliability and validity data are shown. Although some studies used Clinical Practice Guidelines as a source for item elaboration, there are many others that are based only in literature review; modified some previous instruments or did not indicate the original source. The knowledge described in the different studies, in general, are below the cut-off point established by the authors. Conclusions: Measuring the knowledge on PU prevention of health professionals is important as a first step in injury prevention programs. A large number of the questionnaires found have any proof of reliability or validity; nevertheless they have been used in studies, which contribute to the generation of irrelevant data and to create confusion. It is essential that researchers use questionnaires with good psychometric properties and these properties should be evaluated again in the sample used in the research

SECLARED, una nueva herramienta de aprendizaje virtual para mejorar las habilidades de identificación y clasificación de las lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia / Seclared, a new virtual learning tool to improve the skills of identification and classification of dependence-related lesion

SECLARED es una plataforma virtual creada para mejorar las habilidades en la identificación y clasificación de las lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia (úlceras por presión, lesiones por hume-dad, lesiones por fricción, lesiones combinadas, presión-humedad, presión-fricción y humedad-fricción y lesiones multicausales), un espacio basado en el nuevo marco teórico propuesto por García Fernández en 2011. Este proyecto disponible, gratuito y reutilizable para cualquier persona interesada proviene del Grupo Nacional para el Estudio y Asesoramiento en Úlceras por Presión y Heridas Crónicas (GNEAUPP) y la Fundación para la Investigación y el Estudio de las Heridas Crónicas "Sergio Juan Jordán". SECLARED se estructura en temas y contenidos, donde se abordan una introducción y definición de la lesión, las características identificativas de la misma, su categorización, su localización y sus tipos, si los tiene. Estos contenidos se complementan con otros recursos, sobre todo imágenes de lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia para identificar y clasificar a modo de entrenamiento. Su presentación a la comunidad científica fue en mayo de 2016 el XI Simposio Nacional sobre Úlceras por Presión y Heridas Crónicas y el IX Congreso Iberolatinoamericano sobre Úlceras y Heridas y se puso en marcha en junio de ese mismo año. En los primeros seis meses se registraron 3925 personas. Actualmente la cifra de usuarios supera los 5500 y no solo son enfermeras, también auxilia-res de enfermería, trabajadores sociales, farmacéuticos, podólogos y otros profesionales de la salud de más de 15 países

SECLARED is a virtual platform created to improve the skills in the identification and classification of dependence-Related Lesions (pressure ulcers, moisture lesions, friction lesions, combined and multifactorial lesions) and is based on the new theoretical model proposed by Dr. Francisco Pedro García Fernández in 2011. This project is available, free and reusable for any interested professional and it has been devised by the Spanish Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (GNEAUPP) and the Fundation for Research in Wound Cronic "Sergio Juan Jordán". SECLARED is structured in topics and contents, which include: an introduction and definition of lesion, identifying characteristics, categorization, location and its types. These contents are complemented with other resources, especially, images of Dependence-Related Lesions to identify and classify as a training. His presentation to the scientific com-munity was in May 2016 in the XI National Symposium on Pressure Ulcers and Chronic Wounds and the IX IbericLatin American Congress on Ulcers and Wounds and was launched in June of that same year. In the first 6 months, 3925 people registered. Currently, the number of users exceeds 5500 and not only are nurses, also nursing assistants, social workers, pharmacists, podiatrists and others, from more than 15 countries

HELCOS. Sistema integrado para el manejo de heridas: A propósito de un caso / HELCOS. Integrated system for the handling of wounds: about a case

El uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación es cada vez más extendido en las prácticas de salud-enfermedad y, por ende, también en el cuidado de las heridas. Son muchas las aplicaciones que se han desarrollado en este sentido pero pocas se han evaluado respecto a su utilidad. En este artículo se presenta, a modo de caso, HELCOS, sistema integrado para el manejo de heridas y los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora

The use of information and communication technologies is increasingly widespread in health-disease practices and, therefore, also in wound care area. There are many applications that have been developed in this regard but few have been evaluated regarding their usefulness. In this article we present, as a case, HELCOS, an integrated system for the management of wounds and the results obtained so far

Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Spanish Version of the Nursing Outcome "Pain Control" in Primary Care Patients with Chronic Pain.

The control of chronic pain is a major challenge for patients and health care professionals. To culturally adapt the Nursing Outcomes Classification outcome "Pain control" (PC) to the Spanish health care setting and to analyze its psychometric properties and sensitivity to change. A study of three stages was designed: (1) Translation and cultural adaptation by translation-back-translation method, (2) content validation by a group of experts, and (3) observational-longitudinal study in patients with chronic pain. Patient sampling was nonprobabilistic, and participants completed forms and questionnaires and responded to a question on pain. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, content validity index (for global PC and each indicator), principal component analysis, Spearman's test, Cronbach's α, Cohen's κ coefficient, and Wilcoxon range test. The new Spanish version of "Pain control" was semantically equivalent to the original, with a mean content validity index of 0.96. The clinical study included 88 patients with long-term pain, and the mean (standard deviation) interval between assessments (baseline and final) was 29.33 (8.05) days. Thirteen indicators were organized into two components. There was divergent but not convergent validity with the Change Pain Scale and Brief Pain Inventory. Between-observer agreement was κ = 0.48 and internal consistency was α = 0.85. No differences were found between mean baseline and final scores. The Spanish version of "Pain control," culturally adapted and structured in two components (13 indicators), is useful to assess and monitor pain control in patients with chronic pain.

Práctica basada en evidencia en estudiantes de enfermería colombianos / Practice based on evidence from Colombian nursing students / Prática baseada na evidencia de estudantes colombianos de enfermagem

Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de competencias sobre Práctica Basada en Evidencia en estudiantes de un programa de Enfermería de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Mediante un diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo y correlacional, el estudio se desarrolló en 2 fases. La primera fase consistió en la adaptación cultural y validación de contenido del cuestionario de Competencias en Práctica Basada en la Evidencia (CACH-PBE) al contexto Colombiano; este instrumento valora tres factores: Actitudes, Habilidades y Conocimientos. En la segunda fase se aplicó el cuestionario a una muestra de 291 estudiantes del Programa de Enfermería de una Universidad de Cúcuta, Colombia, durante el primer semestre del 2016. Resultados. Se encontró un promedio de edad de 20 años, de género femenino en su mayoría, el 57,4 % de ellos no tenía ninguna formación previa sobre PBE y el 57.1 % la había recibido en metodología de investigación. La puntuación global de competencia en PBE fue de 3,58 sobre un máximo de 5, destacando la dimensión Actitudes hacia la PBE con mayor puntuación y la dimensión Conocimientos con menor; encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas a mayor medida en que los estudiantes se encontraban en un semestre superior. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes obtuvieron un nivel medio en competencias para la PBE, asociándose un impacto positivo de la formación académica recibida, ya que en los últimos semestres se evidenció mayor puntuación con respecto a los primeros.

Objective: To determine the level of competence regarding Practice Based on Evidence in students of a nursing program in Colombia. Materials and methods: Through a quantitative, descriptive, and correlational design, the study was developed in two phases. The first phase, consisted on the cultural adaptation and validation of the content of the questionnaire of Competitions in Practice Based on Evidence (CACH-PBE) to the Colombian context; this instrument evaluates 3 factors: attitudes, skills, and understanding. In the second phase, the questionnaire was applied to a sample of 291 students of the nursing program of a university in Cucuta­ Colombia during the first semester of 2016. Results: An average age of 20 years was found, mostly females, 57.4% did not have previous training about PBE and 57.1% had received training of PBE in methodology of research. The global score in PBE competence was of 3.58 out of a maximum of 5; highlighting the Attitude dimension toward the PBE with the highest score and the Knowledge dimension with the lowest score; encountering statistically significant differences to a greater extent as the students moved ahead to a higher semester. Conclusions: The students received an average level in competences for the PBE, associating a positive impact with the academic training received, considering that in the last semesters a higher score was evidenced compared to the first ones.

Objetivo. Determinar o nível de competências sobre Prática Baseada na Evidencia (PBE) de estudantes de um curso de Enfermagem na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos. O estudo se desenvolveu em duas fases, através um delineamento quantitativo, descritivo e correlacional, A primeira fase, consistiu na adaptação cultural e validação de conteúdo do questionário de Competências em Prática Baseada na Evidencia (CACH-PBE) no contexto Colombiano; este instrumento valora três fatores: Atitudes, Habilidades e Conhecimentos. Na segunda fase, aplicou-se o questionário a uma amostra de 291 estudantes do Programa de Enfermagem de uma Universidade localizada na cidade de Cúcuta ­ Colômbia, durante o primeiro semestre de 2016. Resultados. Encontrou-se uma média de idade de 20 anos, de género feminino em sua maioria, o 57,4% deles não tinham nenhuma formação previa sobre PBE e o 57,1% a receberam em metodologia da pesquisa. A pontuação global de competência em PBE foi de 3,58 sobre um máximo de 5; destacando a dimensão Atitudes para a PBE com maior pontuação e a dimensão Conhecimentos com menor; encontrando-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas a maior medida em que os estudantes se encontravam num semestre superior. Conclusões. Os estudantes obtiveram um nível médio em competências para a PBE, associando-se um impacto positivo da formação académica recebida, já que nos últimos semestres se evidenciou maior pontuação respeito dos primeiros.

Cuestionario de conocimientos de cuidadores familiares sobre la prevención de úlceras por presión y lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia: desarrollo y validación / Questionnaire of knowledge of family caregivers about prevention of pressure ulcer and dependencerelated skin lesions: development and validation

Objetivo: Elaborar y validar un cuestionario que mida los conocimientos de cuidadores familiares en la prevención de úlceras por presión y de otras lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia. Métodos: Fase 1: elaboración del listado inicial de ítems a partir de la bibliografía. Fase 2: Validación de contenido mediante dos rondas con un panel de 15 expertos. Prueba piloto en un grupo de cuidadores. Fase 3: Evaluación psicométrica del cuestionario en una muestra representativa de cuidadores familiares de cuatro provincias andaluzas (Jaén, Córdoba, Granada y Almería) durante 2014. Se realizó análisis de los ítems (dificultad, desconocimiento y discriminación), fiabilidad y validez. Resultados: La versión de 37 ítems tuvo buena validez de contenido. Tras administrar el cuestionario en una muestra de 173 cuidadores se identifican 23 ítems con un índice de discriminación bueno (>20) que se retienen para la versión final. La consistencia interna fue de alfa = 0,852. Buena validez concurrente en subgrupos sin estudios (puntuación media = 61,8) frente a con estudios universitarios (78,7). Conclusiones: El cuestionario COCU-LCRD 23 es un instrumento fiable y válido, adecuado para medir conocimientos de cuidadores sobre prevención de úlceras por presión y otras lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con dependencia

Aims: To build and validate a questionnaire to measure the knowledge of family caregivers about prevention of pressure ulcers and other dependence-related skin lesions. Method: Phase 1: Writing the initial list of items extracted from literature. Phase 2: Content validation by 2 rounds with a 15-experts panel. Pilot testing with a small group of caregivers. Phase 3: Psychometric evaluation of this questionnaire using a representative sample of family caregivers from 4 provinces in Andalucía (Jaén, Córdoba, Granada y Almería) obtained during 2014. Analysis: items analysis (difficulty, unknown, discrimination), reliability and validity. Results: The version of 37 items had a good content validity. After the application of the questionnaire in a sample of 173 caregivers, 23 items with a good discrimination index (>20) were identified and retained for final version. Internal consistency was alfa = 0,852. Good concurrent validity in known subgroups, No education (average score= 61.8) versus University education (78.7). Conclusion: The questionnaire COCU-LCRD 23 in Spanish is a reliable and valid tool, suitable for measuring the knowledge of caregivers about the prevention of pressure ulcers and dependence-related skin lesions

Eficacia en la prevención de úlceras por presión del aceite de oliva virgen extra frente a los ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados: resultados intermedios de un estudio de no inferioridad / Efficacy for preventing pressure ulcers of the virgin extra olive oil versus hyper-oxygenated fatty acids: intermediate results from a non-inferiority trial

Objetivos: a) Evaluar la eficacia de la aplicación tópica de aceite de oliva virgen extra en la prevención de úlceras por presión (UPP) en pacientes ancianos, en comparación con los ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados (AGHO), medida por la incidencia de UPP. b) Determinar la seguridad terapéutica (efectos adversos) de la aplicación tópica de aceite de oliva virgen extra. La hipótesis por contrastar es que la incidencia de UPP en el grupo tratado con el preparado de aceite de oliva no es superior a la incidencia de UPP en el grupo tratado con AGHO, estableciendo un margen de no inferioridad del 7%. Métodos: ensayo clínico de no inferioridad, multicéntrico, aleatorizado y controlado, con doble enmascaramiento. Se ha incluido a residentes de residencias de mayores en la provincia de Córdoba (España) con riesgo moderado o alto de UPP entre enero de 2011 y abril de 2013. Se excluyeron residentes que ya tenían alguna UPP al inicio, con enfermedad vascular o en situación de gravedad extrema. El tamaño de muestra estimado es de 560 personas, con un muestreo sistemático consecutivo en cada una de las residencias. La intervención testada fue la aplicación cada 12 horas, en zonas de riesgo, de un preparado de aceite oliva virgen extra (Oleicopiel) (grupo experimental) frente a la aplicación de AGHO (Mepentol) (grupo control). Variable principal: incidencia de UPP en cada grupo. Análisis de la diferencia de incidencias entre los dos grupos y tiempo hasta la aparición (análisis de supervivencia). Resultados: datos intermedios sobre una muestra de 247 residentes de 12 residencias. Ambos grupos son equivalentes al inicio. La incidencia de UPP en el grupo del aceite de oliva fue del 7,1% (8 de 112 residentes) y del 6,8% (8 de 117 residentes) en el grupo de AGHO, con una diferencia de incidencias del 0,31% (intervalo de confianza [IC] al 90% = -6,19% a +5,47%) que está dentro del margen de no inferioridad establecido de ±7% y apoya la hipótesis inicial. No se observó ningún efecto adverso en ninguno de los grupos. Conclusiones: se aportan las primeras evidencias sobre la eficacia y seguridad de la aplicación tópica del aceite de oliva virgen extra para prevenir la aparición de UPP en pacientes de residencias de mayores. De acuerdo con estas evidencias es posible afirmar que el producto de aceite de oliva virgen extra es, al menos, igual de eficaz que los AGHO y que, por tanto, es otra opción terapéutica para prevenir las UPP a disposición de los profesionales y los usuarios (AU)

Aims: a) To evaluate the efficacy of topical application of extra virgin olive oil in the prevention of pressure ulcers (PU) in elderly patients compared with hyper-oxygenated fatty acids (HFA), as measured by the incidence of PU. b) To establish the therapeutic safety (adverse effects) of the topical application of extra virgin olive oil. The hypothesis to be tested is that the incidence rate in the group treated with the olive oil shall not exceed the incidence rate in the group treated with HFA, establishing a non-inferiority margin of 7%. Methods: Multicentre, randomized, controlled, double blind, non-inferiority clinical trial. People living in nursing homes in the province of Córdoba (Spain) with moderate or high risk of pressure ulcers have been included. From January 2011 until April 2013. We excluded patients who already had some PU, with vascular disease or in extreme gravity condition. The sample size was estimated in 560 people. Sampling was systematic, enrolling eligible people consecutively in each of the residences. The intervention tested was the application every 12 hours in risk areas, of extra virgin olive oil (Oleicopiel) (experimental group) versus applying hyper-oxygenated fatty acids (Mepentol) (control group). Primary endpoint: incidence of PU in each group. Data analysis: difference in the incidence rates and time to onset (survival analysis). Results: Intermediate data on a sample of 247 patients from 12 nursing homes are reported. Both groups were equivalent at baseline. The PU incidence rate in the olive oil group was 7.1% (8/112 patients) and 6.8% (8/117 patients) in HFA group, with a difference in the incidence rate of 0.31% (90% CI = -6.19% to +5.47%), which is within the non-inferiority margin of ±7% and supports the initial hypothesis. No adverse effect was observed in either group. Conclusions: This paper provides the first evidence on the efficacy and safety of the topical application of extra virgin olive oil to prevent PU in patients at nursing homes. Based on this evidence we can conclude that the product of extra virgin olive oil tested is at least as effective as the HFA, and thus, is another therapeutic option to prevent pressure ulcers available for clinicians and users (AU)